History.topix (2026)

04/07/2023

’s , 1776-2023

05/01/2023

It's January 4th, 🦯 World Braille Day. On this auspicious day in 1809, a child named Louis Braille was born in Coupvray, France. Young Louis was blinded at the age of three by an accident in his father's harness-making shop. Despite his disability, though, he excelled in his education.

While Louis was a student at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris, he began developing the reading system for the blind that would eventually make him famous. Braille's creation involved a code he invented himself and used cells that contained up to six dots, making it possible for a fingertip to feel an entire cell with just one touch and move quickly to the next cell.

Braille spent the rest of his life teaching at the institute and perfecting his system, but unfortunately didn't live long enough to see it put into use. Braille suffered from a respiratory illness (probably tuberculosis) most of his adult life and finally succumbed to the disease in 1852 at the age of 43.

Two years later, thanks to the unrelenting insistence of his students, the Royal Institute for Blind Youth officially adopted Braille's system. Its use quickly spread throughout the French-speaking world, but was slow to catch on elsewhere. After his introduction to the system at the first European Conference of Teachers of the Blind in 1873, Britain's Dr. Thomas Rhodes Armitage championed Braille's invention, and its use quickly spread over most of the rest of the planet. The United States was slowest to see the light. They didn't adopt the system until 1916.

In November 2018, the United Nations proclaimed that from now on, World Braille Day would be celebrated as an international celebration day every January 4th to show appreciation for Louis Braille and to promote "awareness of the importance of his creation as a means of communication in the full realization of the human rights for blind and visually impaired people." ☮️ R.I.P., Louis… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Braille_by_%C3%89tienne_Leroux.jpg by Étienne Leroux and Agence Rol. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Braille_by_%C3%89tienne_Leroux.jpg

📸 https://stock.adobe.com/images/braille-english-alphabet-letters-writing-signs-system-for-blind-or-visually-impaired-people-vector-illustration/240369040 by DG-Studio. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Adobe Stock Standard, https://stock.adobe.com/license-terms

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille
https://www.edudwar.com/world-braille-day/
https://www.un.org/en/observances/braille-day

03/01/2023

It's January 3nd. 🌜 On this day in 2019, at 02:26 UTC, China's Cheng'e 4 (嫦娥四号, Moon Goddess 4) spacecraft achieved the world’s first soft landing on the far side of the Moon. The Yutu 2 (玉兔二号, Jade Rabbit 2) rover was deployed about 12 hours later. Cheng'e 4 is the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program's fourth of six planned missions to the moon. The first two missions achieved Lunar orbit. The third and fifth missions collected Lunar samples on the near side and returned them to Earth. The sixth will attempt to do the same in 2025.

Gheng’e 4’s ongoing mission is to determine the age and composition of this unexplored region of the Moon. The China National Space Administration (CNSA) targeted the landing for the Von Kármán crater within the South Pole-Aitken basin, a low-lying area 2,500 kilometers across and 13 kilometers deep which covers nearly a quarter of the Moon's surface. Scientists believe this basin – the largest hole in the solar system – is the result of a massive impact. CNSA hopes that Cheng'e 4 can find and study some exposed deep lunar crust and mantle rocks. This would provide an unprecedented view into the Moon's internal structure and origins.

In May 2019, CNSA reported that Cheng'e 4 had found what appear to be mantle rocks. CNSA continues to report Cheng'e 4's findings to the world concerning Lunar surface temperatures, Lunar rock and soil chemical compositions, Solar corona radiation characteristics, and cosmic ray observations.

"The re-tuned data should provide us valuable information to disclose the secrets of our Moon, from the never-touched side! My fingers are crossed!" – Le Qiao, Lunar Geologist, Shandong University, Weihai, China. ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://flic.kr/p/2m2UBi6 by CSNA/Siyu Zhang/Kevin M. Gill. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: CC BY 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

📸 https://stock.adobe.com/images/top-view-of-golf-ball-on-a-putting-green/159784335 by knelson20. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Adobe Stock Standard, https://stock.adobe.com/license-terms

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program
https://earthsky.org/space/what-change-4-learned-from-the-moons-far-side/

02/01/2023

It's January 2nd, 🤖 Science Fiction Day. On or about this day in 1920, prolific science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russia. He emigrated with his family to America when he was three years old, and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. As an adult, Asimov became a biochemist, but he gradually abandoned that career in favor of his passion – science-fiction writing. He wrote or edited about 500 volumes before he passed away in 1992, the most famous being his "Foundation," "Galactic Empire," and "Robot" series. He also coined the word "robotics" and introduced the world to the "Three Laws of Robotics."

Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics:
First Law: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
Second Law: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.

In honor of Asimov's substantial contributions to the science-fiction genre, the Hallmark Channel and Scholastic Corporation organized the first annual US National Science Fiction Day on this day in 2012. The event has grown in popularity throughout the US over the years and has now begun to take hold throughout the world.

So, kick back today and let your imagination run wild with a good sci-fi novel, short story, comic book, TV show, or movie. You won't be disappointed if you choose from a master like Jules Verne, H.G. Wells, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert A. Heinlein, Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Frank Herbert, Mary Shelley, George Orwell, Michael Crichton, Frederik Pohl, Gene Roddenberry, George Lucas, Steven Spielberg, or of course Isaac Asimov. ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://stock.adobe.com/images/space-scene-spaceship-fly-above-rock-with-planet-and-star-elements-furnished-by-nasa-3d-rendering/290712369 by Space Creator. Elements furnished by NASA. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Adobe Stock Standard, https://stock.adobe.com/license-terms

📸 https://stock.adobe.com/images/pteranodon-dinosaur-3d-illustration-isolated-on-white-background/421514360 by IG Digital Arts. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Adobe Stock Standard, https://stock.adobe.com/license-terms

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov
https://www.biography.com/writer/isaac-asimov
https://nationaldaycalendar.com/national-science-fiction-day-january-2/

01/01/2023

It's January 1st, ⛓️ Haitian Independence Day. France had ruled the colony of Saint-Domingue as part of its worldwide empire since 1659. However, in 1791, a group of enslaved Africans, inspired by the American and French Revolutions, began an epic struggle for freedom that culminated in victory and a declaration of independence on this day in 1804. The declaration proclaimed that the new republic would forever after be known by the same name it was known as before the Europeans had arrived – "Haiti," which means "High Land" in the Native American Taino language.

The Haitian Revolution is Haiti's defining moment. It was the largest slave uprising since Spartacus' unsuccessful revolt against the Romans in 72 BCE. Haiti's victory came as a total surprise and shock to the rest of the world and inspired countless other slave revolts throughout the Western Hemisphere. It also paved the way for the termination of the transatlantic slave trade. This victory was also the final nail in the coffin of Napoleon Bonaparte’s ambitions for a New World French Empire. He’d sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States the previous year in part to pay for the defeat of the revolt in Saint-Domingue. That was not to be. Haiti became the first independent state in Latin America and the first in the New World to be led by a person of color.

The victory over France put an end to Haiti's military fight for freedom, but not its political fight. The US and most European nations, including France, didn't immediately recognize Haiti's independence. France didn't officially do so until 1825. The US didn't do so until 1862. That doesn’t matter, though. All that matters is Haiti. The Haitians recognized their own independence on this day in 1804 and have continued to do so every day since. ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg by January Suchodolski. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution
https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/haiti/haiti-independence-day
https://p4hglobal.org/p4h-blog/2019/12/31/5-reasons-why-you-should-care-about-haitis-independence-day-january-1st

31/12/2022

It's December 31st. 🦖 On this day in 1853, sculptor Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins hosted one of the most legendary events in the history of science – a New Year's Eve dinner party held inside an Iguanodon at London's Crystal Palace Park.

Sir Richard Owen, the "Father of Dinosaurs," was the guest of honor. Afterwards, he was often referred to as the brains of the gathering of 21 scientists and dinosaur enthusiasts – appropriate because his seat at the head of the table happened to also place him inside the head of the Iguanodon.

Owen was collaborating with Hawkins in populating the park with dinosaur sculptures. He verified the accuracy of all the sketches Hawkins used to sculpt the dinosaurs in poses the creatures would’ve assumed when they walked the Earth over 66 million years ago.

The dinner party cemented Owen's role as leader of the paleontological world in the United Kingdom. He offered a solemn toast "to the memory of Gideon Mantell, discoverer of the Iguanodon" who had died the previous year. Then the New Year's celebration began. A recurring scene throughout the festivities witnessed the guests enthusiastically singing the chorus to "The Jolly Old Beast."

The jolly old beast
Is not deceased.
There's life in him again!
ROAR!

Who says scientists don't know how to have fun!? ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_-_Deinonych_-_JuraPark_Baltow.JPG by Alina Zienowicz. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/chamber/Owen.html
https://profjoecain.net/dinner-iguanodon-crystal-palace-dinosaurs/

30/12/2022

It's December 30th. 🌌 On this day in 1924, American astronomer Dr. Edwin Powell Hubble announced that the object in the night sky which up until then had been known as the Andromeda Nebula was in fact the Andromeda “Galaxy.” This revelation instantly doubled the number of galaxies and stars in the known universe and hinted at a vastly greater number, for until then every star that could be seen in the sky either by the naked eye or by telescope had been assumed to belong to our own Milky Way Galaxy. An entirely new scientific field was born – Cosmology.

Hubble based his announcement upon his ingenious analysis of a Cepheid variable star in the Andromeda Nebula. In 1912, American astronomer Henrietta Leavitt had invented a formula for calculating the distance from our Solar System to Cepheids. Using Leavitt's formula, Hubble determined that a Cepheid inside the Andromeda Nebula was much further away than anyone had thought and that, therefore, the nebula was not a gaseous cloud inside our own galaxy, but was in fact another galaxy of stars like the Milky Way… and very far away.

Later, in 1929, Hubble provided observational proof of French astronomer Georges Lemaître's "Expanding Universe" hypothesis. The resultant Hubble-Lemaître Law states that galaxies are receding from Earth at speeds directly proportional to their distances, like spots on an inflating balloon. Hubble calculated the rate of this expansion, which is now known as the Hubble constant, to be 170 kilometers per second per light year of distance. These discoveries led Hubble, Lemaître, and most other astronomers of that era to the obvious conclusion that an expanding universe, much like the result of an explosion, must have once existed in a tight unexploded state. Lemaître coined this hypothesis the "Primeval Atom Hypothesis," which of course is now known all over the planet, thanks to Dr. Sheldon Cooper and friends, as the "Big Bang Theory."

NASA paid tribute to Hubble's great and many contributions to astronomy and cosmology by naming its first "Great Observatories" space telescope after him. This workhorse eye in the sky was launched into low-Earth orbit in 1990. It’s one of the largest and most versatile research tools ever devised by humankind and has been responsible for countless scientific, engineering, and technological breakthroughs. And, of course, on 25 Dec 2021, NASA launched Hubble's de facto successor, the James Webb Space Telescope into outer space. ☮️ R.I.P., Edwin… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://unsplash.com/photos/jgt81f_UDuU by Chen Liu. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Unsplash, https://unsplash.com/license

Sources: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bahubb.html
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/hubble02.html
https://earthsky.org/space/this-date-in-science-edwin-hubble-and-the-expanding-universe/

29/12/2022

It's December 29th. 🩸 On this day in 1890, US troops under the command of Colonel James W. Forsyth massacred more than 300 Sioux Native Americans in the area of Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota.

In the late 1880s prior to the massacre, the atmosphere amongst the Native Americans on their reservations was one of desperation and despair. The US Government had been confiscating more and more of their treaty-guaranteed lands and cutting their food rations. In 1889, a Paiute tribesman named Wovoka had a vision that if the Native Americans appealed to their Great Spirit by performing the sacred Ghost Dance day in and day out, their white oppressors would disappear and the Native Americans would once again rule the Great Plains.

Ghost Dance performances quickly spread throughout the reservations. The Army tried to stop the practice, but the Native Americans persevered – even after the police shot Chief Sitting Bull dead. Sitting Bull’s followers fled to join Chief Spotted Elk's tribe.

The US 7th Cavalry forced Chief Spotted Elk and his Sioux tribe to go to Wounded Knee Creek where the soldiers could keep watch over them. On December 29th, 1890, the soldiers attempted to disarm the Sioux. One man resisted, and the others began to dance. The soldiers opened fire. Within minutes, at least 300 Native Americans were dead – including many women, children, and even babies.

Typical of the times, the American public generally approved of the massacre. They felt it was justified to avenge the 7th Cavalry's defeat and General George Custer's killing at the Battle of Little Bighorn four years earlier. Twenty soldiers received the Medal of Honor, the US military’s highest and most prestigious commendation, for their actions at Wounded Knee.

These days, thankfully, Wounded Knee is not touted as a victory against a dangerous enemy, but is remembered as an outright massacre. Congress officially apologized in 1990, but for some unfathomable reason, they’ve still not passed the “Remove the Stain Act,” which would revoke the Wounded Knee Medals of Honor. ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99613846/ by John C. H. Grabill. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: LOC, License: https://www.loc.gov/free-to-use/

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre
https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/the-truth-about-the-wounded-knee-massacre
https://www.warren.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/warren-merkley-and-kahele-reintroduce-the-remove-the-stain-act

28/12/2022

It's December 28th. 🦋 On this day in 1973, US President Richard Nixon signed the Endangered Species Act into law. This act is considered to be one of the most significant and influential environmental laws in American history. At first glance, it appears to be no more than a federally-maintained list of animals on the brink of extinction, but it goes much deeper than that. This law supports federal agents, activists, and everyday people in their efforts to save endangered species.

The Endangered Species Act provides for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and their habitats – from iconic creatures like the Bald Eagle to lesser-known critters like the Island Night Lizard. The US Fish and Wildlife Service, the agency charged with enforcing the Endangered Species Act, currently lists nearly 1,500 endangered and threatened species in the US. The law requires all federal agencies to ensure that their actions don't jeopardize any endangered species or their habitats.

There have always been conflicting views of the Endangered Species Act, and the Supreme Court has often had to intervene to settle disputes. Conflicts have often involved non-governmental conservation groups like Greenpeace and their tireless efforts to block potentially damaging actions by real estate developers, fossil fuel companies (oil spills, strip mines, pipeline routes, fracking, etc.), and the military (national security issues such as Navy sonar vs. whales).

The US currently suffers from growing political extremism. The Endangered Species Act is barely strong enough right now to safeguard our animal and plant populations. We need to make sure it's able to continue protecting our biodiversity and natural habitats into the foreseeable future because the danger of mass extinctions is real and looming.

We can do this. We succeeded in bringing the whooping crane, gray wolf, monarch butterfly, grizzly bear, American alligator, and so many more species back from the brink of extinction. This isn't our first rodeo. ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://flic.kr/p/dZDqDc by Chris Birmingham. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: CC BY 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Sources: https://www.fws.gov/program/endangered-species/about-us
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973
https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/a-brief-history-of-the-endangered-species-act/

27/12/2022

It's December 27th, 🐼 National Visit the Zoo Day in the United States! The earliest type of zoo, the menagerie, dates as far back as 1500 BCE in Ancient Egypt. Egyptian Pharaohs and famous kings such as Alexander the Great, Solomon, Nebuchadnezzar, and Moctezuma also kept menageries. Menagerie ruins have also been found in China and throughout the ancient Roman Empire.

The first modern zoo was built in 1793 in Paris. Soon other cities all over the world followed. By the 19th century, science and geography had joined religion as central pillars of society. People naturally desire to see exotic animals from all over the globe and study their anatomy and behavior. These early modern zoos were like museums of living animals kept in small display areas.

Today's 2,800 zoos and zoological parks across the planet attempt to function as natural habitats for the species they house. They educate and entertain six million people each year, while also furthering scientific research and the conservation of species and their habitats.

Zoos are necessary because they educate the community, provide an understanding of the interdependence of animals and their habitats, and conduct conservation programs of animals in the wild, including breeding programs designed to reintroduce endangered species back into their natural environments. Enjoy your visit today and every day! ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://unsplash.com/photos/XUFMiGkv-60 by Zdeněk Macháček. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Unsplash, https://unsplash.com/license

Sources: https://nationaltoday.com/visit-the-zoo-day/
https://www.aza.org/connect-stories/stories/benefits-of-zoos?locale=en
https://commonsenseforanimals.org/wildlife-animals/are-zoos-necessary/

26/12/2022

It's December 26th, 🎁 the first day of Kwanzaa – an annual seven-day celebration of African-American culture that's held every December 26th through January 1st. Author, scholar, and activist Maulana Karenga created this festival in 1966 during the aftermath of the Watts riots in Los Angeles. His goal was to "give blacks an alternative to the existing holiday of Christmas and an opportunity to celebrate themselves and their history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society." He also added that "Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday." Most African-American families celebrate both Christmas and Kwanzaa.

The word "Kwanzaa" is derived from the Swahili phrase "matunda ya kwanza," which means "first fruits." Matunda Ya Kwanza festivals are still held to this day in Southern Africa in association with December's Summer Solstice. Karenga decided to use Swahili as the official language of Kwanzaa and to spell the African-American holiday's name with an additional "a" in order to increase the number of letters to seven – an auspicious number in Matunda Ya Kwanza rituals.

Each of the Seven Days of Kwanzaa is dedicated to one of Kwanzaa’s Seven Principles:
Umoja (Unity): To strive for and to maintain unity in the family, community, nation, and race.
Kujichagulia (Self-Determination): To define and name ourselves, as well as to create and speak for ourselves.
Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility): To build and maintain our community together and make our brothers' and sisters' problems our problems and to solve them together.
Ujamaa (Cooperative economics): To build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together.
Nia (Purpose): To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness.
Kuumba (Creativity): To always do as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than when we inherited it.
Imani (Faith): To believe with all our hearts in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders, and the righteousness and victory of our struggle.

Each of the Seven Days of Kwanzaa is dedicated to one of Kwanzaa’s Seven Principles:
1. Umoja (Unity): To strive for and to maintain unity in the family, community, nation, and race.
2. Kujichagulia (Self-Determination): To define and name ourselves, as well as to create and speak for ourselves.
3. Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility): To build and maintain our community together and make our brothers' and sisters' problems our problems and to solve them together.
4. Ujamaa (Cooperative economics): To build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together.
5. Nia (Purpose): To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness.
6. Kuumba (Creativity): To always do as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than when we inherited it.
7. Imani (Faith): To believe with all our hearts in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders, and the righteousness and victory of our struggle.

There are also Seven Symbols associated with Kwanzaa:
1. Mkeka: A mat on which other symbols are placed
2. Kinara: A candle holder for seven candlesticks
3. Mishumaa Saba: Seven candles
4. Mazao: Crops
5. Mahindi: Corn, which represents the children celebrating and may also be part of the holiday meal
6. Kikombe cha Umoja: A Unity Cup for commemorating and giving shukrani (thanks) to African Ancestors.
7. Zawadi: Gifts

Families celebrate Kwanzaa by decorating their homes with African arts and crafts, by conducting ceremonies to give respect and gratitude to ancestors, and by preparing special feasts on each of the Seven Days. Joyous Kwanzaa, everybody! ☮️ Peace… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://stock.adobe.com/images/kwanzaa-holiday-celebration-with-festival-candles/399813646 by ungvar. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Adobe Stock Standard, https://stock.adobe.com/license-terms

Sources: https://nmaahc.si.edu/kwanzaa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa
https://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/

25/12/2022

It's December 25th. 🌈 To quote the greatest science communicator of our time, Mr. Neil de Grasse Tyson, "On this day long ago, a child was born who, by age 30, would transform the world. Happy Birthday, Isaac Newton," who was born on this day in 1642 in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, England. And so today, we celebrate the birthday of one of the most important human beings who ever graced our planet. Isaac Newton was an extraordinary physicist and mathematician who is credited with laying the foundation of classical mechanics and jump-starting the scientific revolution. He believed that all of nature is governed by universal laws that can be expressed mathematically. Newton’s list of accomplishments are long and profound, and his influence will be felt forever.

Isaac's father died two months before he was born; his mother remarried when he was three. His stepfather died when Isaac was 12, and Isaac was pulled out of school to help run the family estate. Isaac seemed to show little promise in school, anyway, as his reports described him as idle and inattentive. However, Isaac soon showed that he had no talent or interest in managing an estate, either.

An uncle persuaded Isaac's mother to let him go back to school. This time he must've shown some promise because the school's headmaster later convinced Isaac's mother to send him to University. Isaac entered Trinity College of Cambridge in 1661 at the age of 19 and began studying philosophy, science, and mathematics in earnest. Between the time Trinity College closed in 1665 due to a bubonic plague pandemic and 1667 when he returned to Cambridge, Isaac returned home, and, free to study whatever he wanted to, gobbled up all of the mathematics texts he could lay his hands on. During this time, Isaac developed calculus, the law of gravitation, and different theories on optics.

Newton is credited with the discovery of the prism (which is how a rainbow works). At the time, scholars hotly debated the subject of whether or not color was an intrinsic property of light. Newton settled the debate when he discovered that a light ray entering a prism is split into different colors (or, wavelengths). This work led Newton to construct the world's first practical reflecting telescope.

Newton is probably best known, however, for his work with gravity which led him to discover the famous three laws of motion.
Law of Inertia – An object at rest remains at rest or an object in motion remains in motion until an outside force acts upon it.
Law of Acceleration – An applied force on an object is equal to the rate of change in its momentum (F=ma or Force equals mass times acceleration).
Law of Action – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Also related to Newton's work with gravity is his work with heliocentrism. He determined that a smaller object doesn't actually orbit around a larger object, but rather the two bodies orbit around their common center of gravity. With this realization and ever-more precise measurements of the sun and planets, the heliocentric model of the solar system has continued to become more and more accurate over the years.

Isaac Newton has unquestionably secured his place in history. He's widely regarded as one of the most important people who's ever lived. Many of his ideas still hold true and his equations are still in use today. When sending a probe to the outskirts of the solar system, NASA scientists don't rely on Einstein's relativity to work out the math – they use Newtonian physics equations.

Isaac Newton Quotes:
"We build too many walls and not enough bridges."
"I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people."
"If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants."
"I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."

☮️ R.I.P., Isaac… Jamiese of Pixoplanet

📸 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Isaac_Newton,_RP-P-OB-32.808.jpg by Riksmuseum. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: CC0 1.0, https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en
📸 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prism_rainbow_schema.png by Joanjoc. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy.License: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
📸 Isaac_https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Newton_signature.svg by Pbroks. Changes made by Jamiese Hancy. License: Public Domain, Isaac_https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Newton_signature.svg

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton/
https://futurism.com/sir-isaac-newton-father-of-modern-science-2

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