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20/04/2022

A black hole is an amazing phenomenon found in the universe. It is of great interest to scientists, but in the process of studying it they face many difficulties. Nevertheless, modern technologies allow not only to build theories about the structure of black holes, but also to test them in practice. Moreover, in 2019, scientists even managed to take the world's first photo depicting this space object. It may seem strange, but black holes are the simplest objects in the universe in terms of characteristics. They have only two parameters: rotation speed and mass. In astrophysics, it is believed that they are the final stage of the evolution of stars. When the life cycle of a star comes to an end, it explodes, and its center turns into a black hole. The surface of the newly formed celestial body is called the event horizon. But you need to understand that a black hole does not have a physical shell. This term means only the space at a certain distance from the center, where the action of the force of attraction ends. When an object or light crosses the event horizon, it can no longer get out of the black hole, because it finds itself in a strong gravitational field. Initially, these space objects were called collapsars. However, in the XX century, journalists of scientific publications began to use the phrase “black hole". Physicist John Wheeler liked it so much that he brought it to the level of an official designation. Black holes are so named because they completely absorb light, which is why they cannot be seen. An object can be seen only if there is a shell of a certain substance, for example, gas, around the event horizon. Also, a black hole is clearly visible if it absorbs matter and energy from a nearby star. Otherwise, it will not be possible to detect it, since it will be invisible to the human eye and devices.

16/04/2022

The size of the entire universe is unknown and may be infinite. According to the Big Bang theory, the very early universe was an extremely hot and dense state about 13.8 billion years ago that was expanding rapidly.[1] Approximately 380,000 years later, the universe cooled enough to allow protons and electrons to combine and form hydrogen — the so-called recombination epoch. When this happened, matter and energy separated, allowing photons to move freely through the ever-expanding space. The matter left after the initial expansion has since undergone gravitational collapse with the formation of stars, galaxies and other astronomical objects, leaving behind a deep vacuum that forms what is now called outer space. Since light has a finite velocity, this theory also limits the size of the directly observable universe.

The modern shape of the universe was determined based on measurements of the cosmic microwave background using satellites such as the Wilkinson probe for microwave anisotropy. These observations show that the spatial geometry of the observable universe is "flat", meaning that photons traveling parallel paths at one point remain parallel as they travel through space to the limit of the observable universe, except for local gravity. A flat universe combined with the measured mass density of the Universe and the accelerating expansion of the Universe indicates that there is a non-zero vacuum energy in space, which is called dark energy.

It is estimated that the average energy density of the modern universe is 5.9 protons per cubic meter, including dark energy, dark matter and baryonic matter (ordinary matter consisting of atoms). Atoms account for only 4.6% of the total energy density, or the density of one proton per four cubic meters. The density of the universe is clearly heterogeneous; it ranges from relatively high densities in galaxies, including very high densities in structures within galaxies such as planets, stars, and black holes, to conditions in huge voids that have much lower densities, at least in terms of visible matter. Unlike matter and dark matter, dark energy does not seem to be concentrated in galaxies: although dark energy can make up most of the mass-energy in the Universe, the influence of dark energy is 5 orders of magnitude less than the influence of gravity of matter and dark matter within the Milky Way.

15/04/2022

Space is an almost perfect vacuum, practically devoid of matter and with extremely low pressure. Sound waves do not propagate in space, because space is too sparse and collisions of molecules, thanks to which sound is transmitted, are extremely rare. Dense clouds of gas and dust with stars and planets inside are interspersed in space with completely devoid of matter areas.

From our earthly point of view, outer space most often begins about 100 kilometers above sea level on the so-called Pocket line. This is an imaginary boundary at an altitude where there is no air to breathe or light scattering. Passing this height, the blue color begins to give way to black, because oxygen molecules become insufficient to color the sky blue.

No one knows exactly how big the cosmos is. It is difficult to determine with the help of existing instruments. By the light visible through our telescopes, we have mapped galaxies stretching almost to the Big Bang, which is believed to have marked the beginning of our universe about 13.8 billion years ago. This means that we can "see" space at a distance of almost 13.8 billion light-years. But the universe continues to expand, which makes "measuring space" even more difficult.

12/04/2022

The distinctive features of minimalism in the interior include the following points: A large amount of free space and the absence of partitions in the rooms. Overall windows without massive curtains or drapes, instead of which blinds or shutters are installed to protect from the sun. The conciseness of the color scheme, which is dominated by light gray shades. Simple geometric shape of furniture, including beds, sofas and chairs. The complete absence of small decor and fancy ornaments in the decoration of the furniture. Diffuse lighting created by installing small spotlights or chandeliers with several small-sized ceiling lights in the room. The predominance of simple materials with a rough texture (brick, concrete, plaster or metal) in the decoration. Extensive use of built-in wardrobes and minimal availability of other cabinet furniture. A simple form of solid ceilings (stretch, perfectly painted or whitewashed).

08/04/2022

Minimalism as a trend was finally formed in the second half of the XX century. It replaced the excessively decorative Art Nouveau style, which after the Second World War caused negative associations with bourgeois society. The pace and lifestyle have also changed — people have rushed to simplicity and reliability.

07/04/2022

Outer space, cosmos (other -Greek. κόσμος — "orderliness", "order") — relatively empty areas of the Universe that lie outside the boundaries of the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Space is not an absolutely empty space: it contains, although with a very low density, interstellar matter (mainly hydrogen molecules), oxygen in small quantities (the residue after the explosion of a star), cosmic rays and electromagnetic radiation, as well as hypothetical dark matter.

06/04/2022

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