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1980 WWW becomes widely available to everyone with a PC, Modem and Internet connection. Landweber’s proposal has many en...
30/06/2023

1980 WWW becomes widely available to everyone with a PC, Modem and Internet connection.

Landweber’s proposal has many enthusiastic reviewers. At an NSF-sponsored workshop, the idea is revised in a way that both wins approval and opens up a new epoch for NSF itself. The revised proposal includes many more universities. It proposes a three-tiered structure involving ARPANET, a TELENET-based system, and an e-mail-only service called PhoneNet. Gateways connect the tiers into a seamless whole. This brings the cost of a site within the reach of the smallest universities. Moreover, NSF agrees to manage CSNET for two years, after which it will turn it over to the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), which comprises more than 50 academic institutions.

The National Science Board approves the new plan and funds it for five years for $5 million. Since the protocols for interconnecting the subnets of CSNET include TCP/IP, NSF becomes an early supporter of the Internet.

NASA has ARPANET nodes, as do many Department of Energy (DOE) sites. Now several Federal agencies support the Internet, and the number is growing.

Research by David Patterson at Berkeley and John Hennessy at Stanford promotes ‘reduced instruction set computing. IBM selected the disk operating system DOS, developed by Microsoft, to operate its planned PC. The Internet was born.

1980 The first consumer Mobile phone Available.1973 saw the first cellular telephone call — made from a giant brick of a...
28/06/2023

1980 The first consumer Mobile phone Available.

1973 saw the first cellular telephone call — made from a giant brick of a thing that weighed more than two pounds and provided just 30 minutes of talking time after a 10-hour charging cycle.
In the early 1980s, the first commercially available phone hit the market.

For just $4,000, which is currently about $10,000 adjusted for inflation, users could get their hands on Motorola’s 1.7-pound monster, the DynaTAC 8000x. Cue up the synthesiser and get ready to take Wall Street by storm — with this phone in writing (and one undoubtedly muscular arm after all that lifting), you were going places.

By 1989, Motorola debuted a smaller version called the “MicroTac”, which was small enough to fit (poorly) in shirt pockets and bore more than a passing resemblance to original “Star Trek” communicators. And lo, the mobile revolution was born.

The future is mobile.
Building on the cellular advances of the 1980s and bolstered by the falling size and cost of microchips, mobile devices shrunk in dimension even as they rapidly gained new capabilities. By the mid-1990s, “smart” phones included access to email and faxes, and in 1999 BlackBerry released its first two-way pager with native web browsing.

1971 Sony Walkman 1st Portable Person music player.We take portable music for granted these days. Any commuter in any bi...
26/06/2023

1971 Sony Walkman 1st Portable Person music player.

We take portable music for granted these days. Any commuter in any big city in the world is more likely than not to have a pair of earbuds or headphones on as they walk, bike, or ride to their destination.

The thing is, personal portable music didn't exist for most of human history, at least not in any mainstream fashion. Not until the Sony Walkman came along.
The first of Sony's iconic portable cassette tape players went on sale on this day, July 1st, back in 1979 for $150. As the story goes, Sony co-founder Masaru Ibuka asked for a way to listen to more portable opera than Sony's existing TC-D5 cassette players. The charge fell to Sony designer Norio Ohga, who built a prototype from Sony's Pressman cassette recorder in time for Ibuka's next flight.

After a disappointing first month of sales, the Walkman became one of Sony's most successful brands, transitioning formats over the years into CD, Mini-Disc, MP3 and finally, streaming music. Over 400 million Walkman portable music players have been sold, including 200 million cassette players.

Sony retired the classic cassette tape Walkman line in 2010 and was forced to pay a massive settlement to the original inventor of the portable cassette player, Andreas Pavel. But the name lives on today in the form of new MP3 players and Sony's Walkman app.

The first TV advertisement broadcast during an American football game for Bulova watches.The first onscreen commercial w...
31/03/2023

The first TV advertisement broadcast during an American football game for Bulova watches.

The first onscreen commercial was a 10-second Bulova watches advertisement broadcast 75 years ago during a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies.

On July 1, 1941, the Brooklyn Dodgers were playing the Philadelphia Phillies at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, and the game was being broadcast on WNBT (later to become WNBC).

Before the game began, TV viewers saw a 10-second advertisement for Bulova clocks and watches.

Bulova paid $9 to market its product to consumers and commercialized TV was born. It was the dawn of a new era.

Introduction of Television. American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted pictures of Herbert Hoover, then Secr...
31/03/2023

Introduction of Television.

American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted pictures of Herbert Hoover, then Secretary of Commerce, from Washington to Philadelphia by radio in 1923, and he demonstrated a mechanical television scanning system using a revolving disk in 1925.

He called his invention “radiovision.” Television received its first dramatic public debut in 1939 at the New York World's Fair. At the fair, President Roosevelt addressed audiences and became the first president to appear on TV.

Although those who had enough money to buy the $200 to $600 TV receivers clamoured to place their orders, TV did not become a popular medium until after World War II (1939–45). After the war, the economy had rebounded, and Americans had more cash for luxuries.

Just as the 1930s produced some of the best American movies, it also produced some of the best radio programs, making the decade the golden age of both cinema and radio.

Introduction of Radio. Based on the human voice, radio is a uniquely personal medium, invoking a listener’s imagination ...
30/03/2023

Introduction of Radio.

Based on the human voice, radio is a uniquely personal medium, invoking a listener’s imagination to fill in mental images around the broadcast sounds.

More readily and in a more widespread fashion than any other medium, radio can soothe listeners with comforting dialogue or background music, or it can jar them back into reality with polemics and breaking news.

Radio also can employ a boundless plethora of sound and music effects to entertain and enthrall listeners. Since the birth of this medium, commercial broadcast companies as well as government organs have made conscious use of its unique attributes to create programs that attract and hold listeners’ attention.

The first voice and music signals heard over radio waves were transmitted in December 1906 from Brant Rock, Massachusetts (just south of Boston), when Canadian experimenter Reginald Fessenden produced about an hour of talk and music for technical observers and any radio amateurs who might be listening.

1900 consumers magazines become widely available and achieve mass popularity and influence. Before the nineteenth centur...
29/03/2023

1900 consumers magazines become widely available and achieve mass popularity and influence.

Before the nineteenth century, few Americans read newspapers or magazines or engaged in public entertainment. By 1900, scheduled sporting, entertainment, and mass cultural events had become commonplace in the United States, and there was a small, but growing, number of magazines with circulation in excess of one-half million copies. Americans were becoming increasingly dependent upon these magazines to define important aspects of their lives.

There were many reasons for the transformation of American society from isolated regional communities into a single national mass culture, but the emergence of national mass market magazines beginning in the 1890s was a significant factor.

With titles such as Munsey's, McClure's, Ladies Home Journal, and Cosmopolitan, these new magazines provided information on society, fashion, literature, entertainment, celebrities, sports, and current events.

The consumption of mass market products not only kept readers up-to-date, but helped to make them more socially conversant and economically prosperous. In turn, the mass market magazine revolution made possible the development of twentieth-century mass culture, from sound recordings to the Internet, to the rise of the Information Age.

1892 Four colour rotary press Land and Water publishes colour halftone using 3 coloured inks- CMYK.The New York Times pr...
28/03/2023

1892 Four colour rotary press Land and Water publishes colour halftone using 3 coloured inks- CMYK.

The New York Times printed its first page in color in 1993, far later than most of the rest of the newspaper industry.

Most of the manufactured images we see these days (as opposed to the images of the real world coming straight into our eyes) are on TV and computer screens. These screens create an illusion of uninterrupted colour from a huge number of tiny dots, so close together that we don't notice the individual elements.

C, M & Y are the Cyan, Magenta and Yellow that we met a while back, where the R, G & B overlapped. These colours add together to make, for example yellow, which is red plus green. The printer uses its own tiny dots to build up images, and a very limited number of colours — in this case not three, but four.

1950 Demonstration martink luther king.Exceptional leaders instill urgency. Martin Luther King, Jr. symbolises the mid-2...
26/03/2023

1950 Demonstration martink luther king.

Exceptional leaders instill urgency.

Martin Luther King, Jr. symbolises the mid-20th century civil rights movement. He won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent struggle for Black Americans' rights.

He never gave up fighting for equal rights and ending segregation in America. He also refused to let what people said or called him or his family influence his battle for equal rights.

one of history's finest speakers and social campaigners. He led nonviolent civil rights protests that ended segregation.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech sought to address economic and employment inequality. King believed American capitalism caused unemployment, prejudice, and economic injustice.

He was a hero for leading the civil rights movement, SCLC, and Rosa Parks' bus boycott. Luther led the civil rights struggle, fulfilling his ideal.

Introduction of Television. American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted pictures of Herbert Hoover, then Secr...
23/03/2023

Introduction of Television.

American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted pictures of Herbert Hoover, then Secretary of Commerce, from Washington to Philadelphia by radio in 1923, and he demonstrated a mechanical television scanning system using a revolving disk in 1925. He called his invention “radiovision.”

Television received its first dramatic public debut in 1939 at the New York World's Fair. At the fair, President Roosevelt addressed audiences and became the first president to appear on TV.

Although those who had enough money to buy the $200 to $600 TV receivers clamoured to place their orders, TV did not become a popular medium until after World War II (1939–45). After the war, the economy had rebounded, and Americans had more cash for luxuries.

Just as the 1930s produced some of the best American movies, it also produced some of the best radio programs, making the decade the golden age of both cinema and radio.

1900 consumers magazines become widely available and achieve mass popularity and influence. Before the nineteenth centu...
21/03/2023

1900 consumers magazines become widely available and achieve mass popularity and influence.

Before the nineteenth century, few Americans read newspapers or magazines or engaged in public entertainment.

By 1900, scheduled sporting, entertainment, and mass cultural events had become commonplace in the United States, and there was a small, but growing, number of magazines with circulation in excess of one-half million copies. Americans were becoming increasingly dependent upon these magazines to define important aspects of their lives.

There were many reasons for the transformation of American society from isolated regional communities into a single national mass culture, but the emergence of national mass market magazines beginning in the 1890s was a significant factor.
With titles such as Munsey's, McClure's, Ladies Home Journal, and Cosmopolitan, these new magazines provided information on society, fashion, literature, entertainment, celebrities, sports, and current events.

The consumption of mass market products not only kept readers up-to-date, but helped to make them more socially conversant and economically prosperous. In turn, the mass market magazine revolution made possible the development of twentieth-century mass culture, from sound recordings to the Internet, to the rise of the Information Age.

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