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Box and Whisker plot vs Violin plot Box and Whisker plot : is a visual representation of the distribution of a dataset. ...
23/09/2025

Box and Whisker plot vs Violin plot

Box and Whisker plot : is a visual representation of the distribution of a dataset. Its summarize data using five key statistics ( Minimum, first quartile Q1, Median , Third Quartile Q3 , and Maximum).
- Display outliers
-useful for compare between groups.
- But it doesn’t show the full shape of the distribution.

Violin plot: is a hybrid of a box plot and a kernel density plot. Its display the probability density of the data , where the width of the violin shape indicates the density of data points as given value. The wider section representing more frequent values.
- Display summary statistics, also show whether the data are bimodal and skewed.

A paired t-test: is a statistical test used to compare the means from the same group at two different times. It’s used ...
03/09/2025

A paired t-test: is a statistical test used to compare the means from the same group at two different times.

It’s used in scenarios such as:

*When the same subjects are measured twice under two conditions. ( weight before and after a diet program).

*When the same patient is measured using two different medical tests.

Standard Deviation vs Standard Error Standard Deviation: A measure of the variability of data points within one sample. ...
29/08/2025

Standard Deviation vs Standard Error

Standard Deviation: A measure of the variability of data points within one sample. It’s show how close individual data values are to the mean of the sample. Standard deviation is a descriptive statistic.

Standard Error: An estimate the variability of sample mean across multiple sample drowns from the same population. It’s show how close your sample mean to the true population mean. Standard error is an inferential statistic.

Bonferroni correction : is a technique used in statistics to adjust the significant level when you are making multiple c...
17/08/2025

Bonferroni correction : is a technique used in statistics to adjust the significant level when you are making multiple comparisons.

Advantage: control false positives
Disadvantage: increases risk of type II error.

Correlation: is a statistical tool that measure the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Dire...
15/08/2025

Correlation: is a statistical tool that measure the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Direction:
* positive: one variable increases the other tends to increase.
* Negative: one variable increases the other tends to decrease.
* Zero: no relationship.

Note/ in correlation there’s no cause or effect!

Regression: is a statistical technique that estimates the relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. It’s show the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Direction: unlike correlation, regression assumes one variable impacts other.

Heat-map: is a two-dimensional data visualization technique where individual values are represented by colors. The color...
10/08/2025

Heat-map: is a two-dimensional data visualization technique where individual values are represented by colors. The color variation represent values with warmer colors indicating higher values, and cooler colors indicating lower values.

Heat-map helpful to :
1- Spot pattern, trend and outliers
2- Compare values across matrix
3- Decision making
4- Simplified understanding a large datasets

Red, orange and yellow areas: higher values.
Green and Blue areas: lower values.

Application of heat-map:
1- Biology
2–Agriculture
3-Health monitoring
4-Marketing
5-Weather
6-Finance

Data mining is the process of discovering hidden patterns, correlations and anomalies within large datasets using Statis...
07/08/2025

Data mining is the process of discovering hidden patterns, correlations and anomalies within large datasets using Statistical, Mathematical and computational techniques to turn raw data into meaningful insights for decision making.

Techniques in Data mining
1- Classification
2-Clustering
3-Association
4-Regression
5-Anomaly Detection
6-Decision Trees

Type of Studies 1- Observational Studies A-Descriptive Studies B-Analytical Studies 2-Experimental Studies A-Randomized ...
05/08/2025

Type of Studies
1- Observational Studies
A-Descriptive Studies
B-Analytical Studies

2-Experimental Studies
A-Randomized Controlled Trials
B-Non-Randomized Trials
C- Quasi-experimental studies

3-Other study Types
A-Reviews
B-Meta Analyses

Data collection methods 1- Primary data collection A-survey B-InterviewsC-Observations D-Experiments 2-Secondary data co...
04/08/2025

Data collection methods

1- Primary data collection
A-survey
B-Interviews
C-Observations
D-Experiments

2-Secondary data collection
A-Government database
B-NGO database
C- Academic papers

Demographic Data:-Age-Gender -Income level -Education -Occupation -Location
04/08/2025

Demographic Data:
-Age
-Gender
-Income level
-Education
-Occupation
-Location

Market Research : A systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information about target market and cus...
04/08/2025

Market Research : A systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information about target market and customers.
Aim: To inform business strategy, improve products/services , and reduce risk before lunching something new.

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