Surveyor

26/01/2026

Use this formula to find the UTM zone manually.

13/01/2026

📸 Photogrammetry vs 🛰️ Remote Sensing — What’s the Difference?

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing are both essential techniques in GIS, surveying, and Earth observation, but they serve different purposes and operate at different scales.

📸 Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry extracts precise measurements and 3D information from overlapping images captured by drones, aircraft, or ground cameras. By analyzing image geometry, it produces highly accurate models.

Main applications:
• Topographic mapping
• 3D terrain and city modeling
• Land surveying and engineering
• Volume calculations (mines, stockpiles)
• Infrastructure inspection

Key characteristics:
• Very high spatial resolution
• Local to regional coverage
• Excellent positional accuracy
• Requires image overlap and ground control points

⸻

🛰️ Remote Sensing

Remote sensing collects information about the Earth’s surface using satellite or airborne sensors that measure reflected or emitted energy across multiple wavelengths.

Main applications:
• Environmental and climate monitoring
• Land cover and land use mapping
• Agriculture and vegetation analysis
• Disaster monitoring (floods, fires)
• Large-scale Earth observation

Key characteristics:
• Regional to global coverage
• Multispectral and hyperspectral data
• Regular temporal revisit
• Suitable for long-term monitoring

⸻

🧠 Key Differences
• Photogrammetry focuses on geometry and 3D accuracy
• Remote Sensing focuses on spectral information and Earth processes
• Photogrammetry is ideal for surveying-scale projects
• Remote sensing excels at large-area analysis and monitoring

Both techniques often complement each other in modern GIS.

15/11/2025

Difference Between Azimuth & Bearing

1️⃣ Azimuth

Measured clockwise from North.

Range: 0° to 360°.

Single-value angle.

Example:

East = 90°

South = 180°

West = 270°

2️⃣ Bearing

Measured from North or South toward East or West.

Range: 0°–90° (in each quadrant).

Written as quadrant form.

Example:

N 45° E

S 30° W

🔶 Determination of Azimuth

1. Identify the reference direction (North).

2. Measure the clockwise angle to the line.

3. Result gives Azimuth (0°–360°).

Example:
Line makes 60° clockwise from North → Azimuth = 60°.

🔴 Determination of Bearing

1. Determine the quadrant:

NE, SE, SW, NW

2. Measure the smallest angle between the line and the North/South direction.

3. Write it in Bearing format:
N/S – angle – E/W

Example:
Line lies in NE quadrant and makes 30° with North →
Bearing = N 30° E.

15/11/2025

🌍 Fast Static Survey (GPS Surveying Method)

Fast Static Survey is a high-precision GPS surveying method used to determine accurate positions by collecting satellite data at two or more stations for a short observation period (typically 5–20 minutes).

🧭 Main Features:

Uses dual-frequency GPS receivers.

Short observation time compared to static surveys.

Requires simultaneous observation at base and rover stations.

Ideal for control point establishment and engineering surveys.

⚙️ Procedure:

1. Set up GPS receivers at known (base) and unknown (rover) stations.

2. Record satellite signals for 5–20 minutes.

3. Process data in software to compute relative positions.

4. Apply corrections for atmospheric and satellite errors.

📏 Accuracy:

Horizontal accuracy: ±5 mm + 1 ppm

Vertical accuracy: ±10 mm + 1 ppm

📌 Advantages:

Faster than conventional static surveys.

High accuracy with reduced time and cost.

Suitable for control networks and small engineering projects.

⚠️ Limitations:

Requires clear satellite visibility.

Needs simultaneous observations at both stations.

Not suitable for long baselines (>20 km).

🛰️ Applications:

Geodetic control surveys

Engineering construction surveys

Mapping and boundary surveys

🔖 Related Hashtags:

29/09/2025

*Marsad Al Sharq Contracting Establishment*
Urgent Recruitment – Immediate Joining Required

Marsad Al Sharq Contracting Establishment in Saudia Arabia is seeking experienced candidates for the following positions, all of which require immediate availability:

Available Positions:
1. Piping QCS
2. Coating QCS
3. Piping QCI
4. Welding QCI
5. PWHT QCI
6. Mech Static QCI
7. Mech Rotating QCI
8. Mech Preservation QCI
9. Mech Preservation QCI Static (API653 Certified)
10. Mechanical Rotating Preservation QCI
11. NDT QC Coordinator
12. PMI QCI

Requirements: *CBT Passed & ARAMCO Approved*
Location: Eastern Province
Start Date: Immediate after Interview

Application Instructions:
Interested and qualified candidates are requested to submit their updated CVs to the following:

📧 Email: [email protected]

📱 WhatsApp:
+966 532074362
+966 536874660‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
+966 594135398

29/09/2025

Urgently require below manpower

1. CAD operator with min 5years saudi experience in plant construction.

2. Aramco RTR QC⁠

Location Jafurah
Long term project

Whatsappp below number if available
059 460 1523 +966541123494

WhatsApp only no calls please

27/09/2025

26/06/2025

Basics of Civil Engineering

1. Height of 1 story in building = 3.15m.

2. Height of Parapet wall should be 1m.

3. Height of window = 2.1m.

4. Minimum thickness of slab = 125mm.

5. Minimum thickness of lintel = 15cm.

6. Thickness of DPC = 2.5cm.

7. Maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping is 36mm. Bars having more than this diameter are not allowed.

8. Minimum diameter of bars used in Slab = 8mm.

9. Minimum diameter of bars used in Column = 12mm.

10. Minimum number of bars used in Square or Rectangular Column=4 bars.

11. Minimum number of bars used in Circular Column 6 bars

12. Maximum diameter of bars used in Slab = 1/8 x thickness of slab.

13. Maximum Chair spacing=1m.

14. Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.

15. Minimum diameter used for Dowels Bars is 12mm.

16. Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and not be more than 6% of gross area of cross section.

17. Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8kg per MT

18. Weight of cement baq = 50kg.

19. 1 bag of cement = 1.22 cubit feet = 0.0347 cubic meter.

20. No. of Cement Bags in 1m3 = 7-8 bags.

21. Initial setting time of Cement - 30 minutes.

22. Final setting time of Cement = 10hrs = 600 minutes

23. PH value of the winter should not be less than 6.

24. Riser of staircase 150mm to 200mm.

25. Tread of staircase 250mm to 300mm.

26. Tensile or Flexural strength of concrete = 0.7-/fck.

27. Modulus of elasticity of concrete = [Ec=5000/fck].

28. Young's modulus of steel = [Es=2x10^5 N/mm2].

29. F.O.S for steel = 1.15.

30. F.O.S for Concrete = 1.5.

31.Standard size of Brick = 190mmx90mmx90 mm =19cmx9cmx9cm.

32. A good brick clay contains 20 to 30% of alumina, 50 to 60% of silica and the remaining constituents are Lime, Magnesia, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese and iron oxide.

33. Colour of good brick is deep red, cherry or copper colored

34. Compressive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2.

35. Maximum water absorption of first class prior is 15% of its dry weight

36. The excess silica of in the clay makes the brick brittle

37. Process of manufacturing of bricks consists of Preparation of brick clay, Moulding bricks, Drying of bricks and Burning of bricks.

38. Moulding of bricks may be hand moulding or

39. The burning of dry bricks is done either in clamp or in a kiln.

40. The ingredients of ordinary cements are Lime, Silica, Alumina, Calcium sulphate, Iron oxide, Magnesia, Sulphur & Alkali's.

41. The ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of Lime

42. The initial setting time of OPC should not be less than 30 minutes.

43. The Final setting time ordinary Portland cement of ordinary Portland cement should not be more than 10 hours.

44. Initial and Final setting time of cement is determined by Vicat's apparatus

45. The normal consistency of Portland cement is about 25%.

46. Maximum free fall of concrete allowed to 1.50m. 47. Test On Fresh Concrete

Slump Test-Workability.

Compacting Factor Test

03/04/2025

03/04/2025

Box Culvert
Calculation notes for Box Culvert