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Amazing facts, Lviv (2026)

23/09/2022

Ten fun facts about Alligators
Fact 1
Alligators are seen as two different species – one is American and the other Chinese.

Fact 2
An alligator can weigh over 1,000 lbs and males grow to an average of 13 feet length while females reach about 10 feet.

Fact 3
They have two sets of eyelids and nearly 74 – 80 teeth at any time. They cannot move their tongue and need to lift their heads in order to swallow.

Fact 4
When a light shines on them at night, the eyes of large animals glow red while the eyes of the small ones glow green.

Fact 5
An alligator’s bite is powerful as they have relatively strong jaw muscles but the muscles for opening the mouth are weak. Any human can use their bare hands or duck tape to hold their jaws shut.

Fact 6
Alligators eat birds, fish, turtles, snails, crustaceans, deer and various mammals.

Fact 7
In warm temperatures the eggs produce males and in cool temperatures they produce females. Eggs are broken with their egg tooth which lies at the tips of their jaw.

Fact 8
They live from 35 to 50 years and longer when held in captivity.

Fact 9
Alligators are capable of moving fast at short bursts or lunges that exceed 20 mph

Fact 10
The skin of an alligator is tough and bony plates called ‘scutes,’ protect their armored backs, which make them immune to snake poison.

21/09/2022

9 Fabulous Facts About Pepper (2)
5. Leading the spice trade
According to research published on Globe News Wire, pepper remains the most heavily traded spice worldwide.
Global pepper consumption peaked at $4.2B U.S in 2017, but even more noteworthy was the massive in 2011 value, when pepper consumption increased by a mammoth 26%.

Vietnam (166K tonnes), India (86K tonnes) and the U.S. (68K tonnes) are the largest consumers of pepper, with a combined 41% share of global consumption.

It’s estimated that black pepper alone accounts for nearly 20% of the world spice market.

6. Sneezy, spicy, piperine
The classical spicy taste of pepper comes from a chemical compound called piperine (alternatively known as pepperine), which is found in the center of the peppercorn.

Piperine irritates the nostrils and naturally makes people sneeze to expel the compound when inhaled.

Outside of the traditional spice, you can also purchase a more concentrated form of piperine, known as bioperine, which is an effective dietary supplement.

7. The health benefits of pepper
The piperine in pepper has many health benefits, especially as a natural anti-inflammatory for those suffering chronic diseases.

Pepper is high in antioxidants, which means it can help with lowering cholesterol and is being researched for it’s cancer fighting properties.

It also has digestive benefits that help remove toxins from the body and increase metabolism.

Pepper has been used in traditional medicine going back as far as 3,000 years from China to the Indian subcontinent.

In Indian ayurvedic medicine, black pepper is used to treat respiratory illnesses and colds, and is used to treat vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain due to cold invading the stomach in Chinese medicine.

8. Kampot pepper
These days the price of pepper is nowhere near that of the halcyon days of the 1500s, which coined the popular Dutch term, ‘pepper expensive.’
Peppercorns are often named by their origin because conditions such as soil, weather and climate can influence the characteristics of the peppercorn.

In contemporary cuisine, Kampot pepper is considered by many to be the best in the world, featured in the kitchens of chefs and TV stars for it’s nuanced flavor.

Kampot pepper is native to Cambodia, the first product in the country to receive Protected Origin Status from the United Nations.

It costs between $2–5 per ounce for a small bag of certified organic whole black Kampot peppercorns.

Check out Chef Cutting’s insights into the richness of Kampot peppercorns below, and help get inspiration for your kitchen.
9. Black pepper, the Roman ransom
Pepper was a favorite spice of the Roman Empire. Historian Pliny the Elder described pepper in his writings as possessing “obnoxious pungency.”’

When the Visigoths sacked the city of Rome in AD 410, the invading Chieftain Alaric demanded 3,000 lbs of black pepper as ransom along with gold and silver.

After laying siege to Rome for many years. Alaric knew that pepper was the most valuable item in the capital, and would be a brilliant chip in trade with other Germanic tribes.

21/09/2022

9 Fabulous Facts About Pepper (1)
What do you know about pepper?

The common pepper plant, Piper nigrum, was first cultivated in India for more than 2,000 years before spreading across trade routes to become the most popular spice in the world.

Alongside salt, you’ll find pepper in almost every kitchen in the United States. It’s also responsible for around 50% of the spice used in restaurant kitchens.

Check out these interesting facts about the King of Spices that you can wow friends and family with, or use as inspiration for your kitchen.

1. The different types of pepper
Unlike salt and it’s wide array of colors, sources and uses, pepper is harvested from a vine and comes in black, white, green and red varieties, with different tastes and purposes.

Black pepper is the full peppercorn cooked, dried and ground. For white pepper the black husk is stripped away. Green peppercorns are those picked before fully ripening, while red peppercorns are the rare fruit left to fully ripen.

White pepper is more expensive because it costs more to process and yields less. It also tends to have the shortest shelf life but is wonderful with seafood and white meats.

White pepper is more delicate and earthy than black pepper due to a smaller amount of piperine (see below).

Red peppercorns are often used in sauces, garnishes and South East Asian cuisine as a gentler version of the spice.

2. What’s in my pepper pot?
Full peppercorn grinders have made a huge comeback as contemporary home kitchens have moved to grinding fresh, ostensibly for better tasting food.

Pepper grinding (and their vessels) has developed to the point it’s become performance art.

A traditional ground pepper mix for your family table consists of about 75% black pepper and 25% white, however premium brands like to mix closer towards a 50-50 split.

3. The king of spices
Pepper originated in the Indian state of Kerala, and was concentrated along the coast of Malabar before it found its way to the ‘civilized’ world via Arabian trade routes 2,000 years prior to the birth of Jesus.
Salt was used as a fundamental preservative for foods, yet pepper was introduced to improve taste and flavor.

John W. Parry, in Spices Vol. I (1969), described the effect of pepper on kitchens in Europe and England by saying, “dishes took on a fullness of flavor previously unknown, beverages glowed with a redolent tang, and life experienced a new sense of warmth and satisfaction.”

The wealth of famed coastal cities such as Alexandria (Egypt), Genoa and Venice (Italian city states) was built on their ability to trade in and leverage pepper, which made it as expensive to buy as salt during the Middle Ages.

4. Destination pepper and the East India Company
At one point, the supply and demand of pepper (and spices in general) was so out of whack that European Kings sent expeditions to India for the express purpose of filling their hulls with pepper to short-circuit the traditional spice trade.
The demand for pepper was fundamental to creating the world’s biggest merchant fleets. Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch gained control before the English navy put down the Spanish Armada and captured the remnants of the vanquished fleet.

In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I issued a royal charter that authorized British merchants to trade in the East Indies on behalf of the Crown, which led to the establishment of the East India Company.

Pepper (and Nutmeg) was the original purpose of these British trade missions, however the introduction of tea to the West propelled the East India Company to its place of dominance for over 250 years.

19/09/2022

Plateosaurus, (genus Plateosaurus), dinosaurs known from extensive fossil material found in Europe dating to the Late Triassic Period (about 229 million to 200 million years ago) that were representative of the prosauropods, an early group that might have been ancestral to the giant sauropod dinosaurs of later time periods.

Plateosaurus was among the earliest dinosaurs to attain a relatively large size, growing to about 8 metres (26 feet) long. It was more massive than earlier dinosaurs and had bones that were stocky and thick. Although Plateosaurus could rise up on its two very strong hind legs, its forelimbs also were relatively well developed and strong, and it may have walked on two or four legs for various purposes. The small skull was perched atop a long, flexible neck and contained flat teeth serrated on the front and back edges.

Plateosaurs were the first known large herbivores among the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs related to Plateosaurus have been found in South Africa, North America, and China. The prosauropod group of dinosaurs is not found after the Early Jurassic Period (200 million to 176 million years ago), which is when the first of the large “true” sauropod dinosaurs appeared. This fact, along with the increasing trend to large size among prosauropods, supports the idea that sauropods evolved directly from prosauropods, although some authorities regard the two as separate groups.

16/09/2022

32 Wild and Fun Robot Facts
The words "android" and "robot" have different meanings. An android is a robot that looks like a human.[4]
Before modern robots, there were automatons, which were moving machines driven by clockwork, air, or water rather than electricity or computers.[9]
Around 400 BC, the ancient Greek inventor Archytas of Tarentum built an early "robot" : a wooden pigeon that flew through the air on a steam-powered arm.[9]
In 1854, British mathematician George Boole wrote a book titled An Investigation into the Laws of Thought. In it, he describes rules that were later used to program computers and robots.[9]
Czech author Karel Capek uses the word "robot" for the first time when he wrote his play Rossum's Universal Robots. [9]
Tomatan is a robot that feeds its wearer tomatoes as the user runs. The inventor said that eating tomatoes while running helps fight fatigue. The robot weighs 18 pounds (8 kilograms), although there is a lighter version that weighs 7 pounds (3 kilograms).[10]
In 1942, American author Isaac Asimov invents his "Three Laws of Robotics," which describes how he thinks robots should behave.[9]
In 1956, John McCarthy invented the word "artificial intelligence."[9]
In 1966, a robot named "Shakey" became the first robot to use artificial intelligence to make its own decisions.[9]
Researchers estimate that by 2040 robots might become as smart as humans.[9]
A nanobot is a robot less than one-thousandth of a millimeter, which is smaller than a period.[9]
In 206 AD, an Arab inventor named al-Jazari invented an automaton named the "elephant clock." Water propelled the clock, which caused a mechanical man to strike a cymbal and a bird to whistle every half an hour.[9]
In 1928, First World War veteran and noted journalist Captain William Richards created Eric, a human-shaped automaton that was 7 feet (2 m) tall. Inside its body were miles of wires connected to motors. These made it stand, sit down, turn, and wave its arms.[9]
In 1495, Leonardo da Vinci designed a humanoid knight.[9]
By 2025, Japan expects to have 1 million industrial robots.[9]
Thirteenth-century Arab inventor Ismail al-Jazari invented a hand-washing automation that used a flush mechanism still used in modern flush toilets. His invention featured a female humanoid automation that refilled a water basin.[10]
A robot called the "Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot" (EATR) can feed on vegetables to create its own fuel. It has a built-in chainsaw, which has prompted people to wonder if it could chop up other things, such as deceased soldiers . . . or use its chainsaw to create its own dead humans for fuel.[3]
A Roomba is type of robot vacuum cleaner. Over 15 million Roombas have been sold, which is enough for everyone in New York City and London.[9]
A cobot is a new type of industrial robot that can work safely alongside people in factories. A person just needs to move its arms to train it.[9]
Clocky is a type of robot alarm clock. It runs away from you so that you have to get out of bed to turn it off.[9]
The hitchBot is a robot that "hitchhikes" alone through cities and countries. The first hitchBot created made it safely through Canada and then Europe. The second hitchBot was designed to hitchhike from Salem, Massachusetts, to California; however, it was kidnapped and beheaded in Philadelphia.[6]
Robots are able to manipulate human emotions. In one experiment, when a robot begged participants not to turn it off, about 30% obeyed the robot rather than the researcher.[8]
In the United States during the 1930s and 40s, the second syllable of the word "robot" was pronounced with a long "O"; it sounded like "row boat."[10]
George Devol created the first digitally operated and programmable robot in 1954. Named Unimate, this robot laid the foundation for the modern robotics industry. Devol is largely responsible for the programmable robotic arm that is seen in industry.[10]
Les Baugh lost both of his arms in an electrical accident 40 years ago. After working with a surgeon from John Hopkins University, he became the first person ever to control two prosthetic limbs with his mind.[11]
In the 1970s, kidnapped children from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan were often used as jockeys in camel races. After UNICEF pressured countries to ban child jockeys, countries used small robots to serve as camel-racing jockeys. The robots can even whip the camels.[1]
William Grey Walter created the first electronic autonomous robot with complex behavior. Named Elmer and Elsie, the robots were capable of phototaxis, which means they could find their way to a charging station when they ran low on battery power.[10]
South Korea has the highest level of robot density in the world. South Korea has about 631 robots per 10,000 employees. Average robot density in Europe is 99 per 10,000 employees and 84 in America.[7]
The creator of a robot named Gemini (“twin”) used a mould of his own physique, programmed his body language, and even implanted his own hair into his robot’s head. He even had plastic surgery to keep his own body looking like his robot.[9]
The word "robot" is from the Czech word "robota," which means "forced labor."[9]
"Digisexual" is a term that describes someone who is sexually attracted to robots and other forms of technology.[2]
Experts speculate that human-robot marriage will be legal in the United States by 2050.[5]

12/09/2022

Penélope Cruz, in full Penélope Cruz Sánchez, (born April 28, 1974, Madrid, Spain), Spanish actress known for her portrayal of sultry characters. She achieved early success in Spanish cinema and quickly established herself as an international star.

Cruz grew up outside Madrid, where she studied ballet for nine years at Spain’s National Conservatory; she also received intensive training in classical and jazz dance and studied theatre in New York City. At age 15 she won a modeling agency competition and began appearing in music videos and on Spanish television. Her first film roles were in El laberinto griego (“The Greek Labyrinth”; although the film was completed in 1991, its release was delayed until 1993) and Jamón, jamón (1992; “Ham, Ham”). She came to international attention with Belle Epoque (1992; “The Age of Beauty”), a film about an army deserter taken in by an elderly man and his four enchanting daughters. It won an Academy Award for best foreign film. On numerous occasions Cruz worked with the Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar, initially appearing in his Carne trémula (1997; Live Flesh) and Todo sobre mi madre (1999; All About My Mother).
Cruz’s first English-language role came in Talk of Angels (1998), which was completed in 1994 but not released for several years. She then appeared in the contemporary western The Hi-Lo Country (1998). Cruz quickly established herself as a prominent actress in Hollywood. She appeared in the romantic comedy Woman on Top (2000) and starred alongside Matt Damon in All the Pretty Horses (2000), a film adaptation of Cormac McCarthy’s novel of the same name. She starred opposite Johnny Depp in Blow (2001), a film based on the life of George Jung, the most prolific co***ne dealer in the United States during the 1970s. In 2001 Cruz also appeared in Vanilla Sky—a remake of a successful film in which she had earlier starred, Abre los ojos (1997; Open Your Eyes)—and afterward was involved in a highly publicized relationship with costar Tom Cruise.

In the early 21st century Cruz continued to act in both English- and Spanish-language productions. She starred in Head in the Clouds (2004) and later appeared as an unhappily married mother in Almodóvar’s critically acclaimed Volver (2006; To Return), for which she received an Academy Award nomination. Cruz played a woman dreamed of by a man undergoing a midlife crisis in The Good Night (2007) and appeared as the young lover of an aging college professor in Elegy (2008), a film adaptation of the Philip Roth novel The Dying Animal (2001). She then won her first Oscar—for best supporting actress, for her work in Woody Allen’s Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), in which she starred alongside Scarlett Johansson and Javier Bardem; Cruz and Bardem married in 2010.

In 2009 Cruz appeared in Almodóvar’s Los abrazos rotos (2009; Broken Embraces), provided the voice of a guinea pig in the animated G-Force (2009), and starred in Nine, a musical set in the 1960s that focused on the life of a film director (played by Daniel Day-Lewis). She reteamed with Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), in which she portrayed the strong-willed daughter of the pirate Blackbeard. Cruz then collaborated again with Allen, portraying an Italian pr******te in his ensemble comedy To Rome with Love (2012). In the crime drama The Counselor (2013), she was cast as the girlfriend of a lawyer who becomes involved in a drug deal that goes wrong. The Spanish-language melodrama Ma ma (2015), which Cruz coproduced, featured her as a mother diagnosed with terminal cancer. Her comedic skills were on display in Ben Stiller’s fashion-industry satire Zoolander 2 (2016).

In 2017 Cruz was part of the star-studded cast of Murder on the Orient Express, based on Agatha Christie’s 1933 novel of the same name. She then took to the small screen to play Donatella Versace in the TV series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story (2018). Cruz also costarred with Bardem in both Loving Pablo (2017), about the relationship between Pablo Escobar and journalist Virginia Vallejo, and Asghar Farhadi’s family drama Todos lo saben (2018; Everybody Knows). She then reteamed with Almodóvar in Dolor y gloria (2019; Pain and Glory), about a director contemplating his life. In Wasp Network (2019), Cruz played the unsuspecting wife of a Cuban pilot secretly working against Cuba’s government.
Cruz earned acclaim—as well as an Oscar nomination for best actress—for her performance in Madres paralelas (2021; Parallel Mothers), a drama by Almodóvar that centres on a relationship between two single mothers while also exploring the lasting influence of Spain’s civil war and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Also in 2021 she starred with Antonio Banderas in Competencia oficial (Official Competition), a satire about the making of a movie. In the espionage thriller The 355 (2022), Cruz was part of an all-star cast that included Jessica Chastain and Lupita Nyong’o.

09/09/2022

Brad Pitt, byname of William Bradley Pitt, (born December 18, 1963, Shawnee, Oklahoma, U.S.), American actor known for his portrayal of unconventional characters and for his good looks. After gaining attention for his role in Thelma & Louise (1991), Pitt channeled his magnetism as a leading man in such movies as A River Runs Through It (1992) and Legends of the Fall (1994) but avoided being typecast by assuming unorthodox roles in 12 Monkeys (1995) and Fight Club (1999). Pitt won an Academy Award for his performance in Once Upon a Time… in Hollywood (2019).

Early life and work
Interview with the Vampire
Interview with the Vampire
Pitt grew up in Springfield, Missouri, and attended (1983–87) the University of Missouri before dropping out just short of graduation to move to California and pursue an acting career. After playing minor television and movie roles, Pitt captured the public’s attention as a charming scoundrel in the film Thelma & Louise. He followed up with such movies as A River Runs Through It, Interview with the Vampire, and Legends of the Fall (1994). Pitt then starred as a police detective in the gritty thriller Se7en (1995) and as a demented malcontent in the fantasy Twelve Monkeys (1995), for which he won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Oscar.
Films from the late 1990s and beyond
Pitt deliberately played against type as Austrian mountain climber Heinrich Harrer in Seven Years in Tibet (1997), an Irish Republican Army terrorist in The Devil’s Own (1997), a modern-day personification of death in Meet Joe Black (1998), and an underground boxer in Fight Club (1999). In 2000 Pitt married actress Jennifer Aniston. The following year he starred in Ocean’s Eleven, a comedy caper about con artists. The film was a major success and led to the sequels Ocean’s Twelve (2004) and Ocean’s Thirteen (2007). In 2004 Pitt portrayed the Greek warrior Achilles in Troy.

The action comedy Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) paired Pitt with actress Angelina Jolie, with whom he became romantically involved. Pitt continued to lend his talents to films covering a wide range of subject matter, including Babel (2006), a film that traces the intersecting lives of characters from divergent backgrounds, and the period western The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007). Pitt further demonstrated his versatility in 2008, portraying a dim-witted would-be blackmailer in the Coen brothers’ Burn After Reading and a man who ages backward in the poignant fantasy The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. His chameleonic turn in the latter film earned him an Academy Award nomination for best actor.
In 2009 Pitt starred in Quentin Tarantino’s Inglourious Basterds, a World War II drama about a group of Jewish American soldiers trained to kill N***s in German-occupied France. The following year Pitt provided the voice of the superhero rival of the titular villain in the animated film Megamind. In Terrence Malick’s impressionistic drama The Tree of Life (2011), he played a domineering father in 1950s Texas. Pitt later scored another best actor Oscar nomination, for his performance as real-life general manager Billy Beane in the baseball drama Moneyball (2011). The film chronicles how Beane assembled successful teams with the Oakland Athletics by using statistics to acquire cheaper, less-well-known players. Pitt subsequently starred as a mob enforcer in the crime drama Killing Them Softly (2012) and as a former United Nations investigator fighting to contain a zombie pandemic in the thriller World War Z (2013).

Pitt had supporting roles in 12 Years a Slave (2013)—which was based on the true story of Solomon Northup, a free person of colour who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the mid-19th century—and in the crime drama The Counselor (2013). In Fury (2014) he played an American army sergeant commanding the remnants of a decimated battalion during the last days of World War II. The following year Pitt reteamed with Jolie, this time in By the Sea, a marital drama she also wrote and directed. He then portrayed a morally grounded former investment banker in the black comedy The Big Short (2015), about the 2008 financial crisis. In the World War II thriller Allied (2016), Pitt starred as a Canadian intelligence officer whose wife (Marion Cotillard) might be a German spy. In 2017 he portrayed a four-star general in War Machine, a military satire that was released on Netflix.
Pitt later reteamed with Tarantino in Once Upon a Time…in Hollywood (2019), playing the stunt double of a washed-up actor (Leonardo DiCaprio) in 1969 Los Angeles. For his performance, Pitt earned both an Oscar and a Golden Globe Award for best supporting actor. Also in 2019 he starred as an astronaut searching the solar system for his missing father (played by Tommy Lee Jones) in the futuristic drama Ad Astra. Pitt’s credits from 2022 include the action-romance The Lost City, in which he had a memorable cameo, and Bullet Train, about a group of assassins on a high-speed train.

In addition to acting, Pitt headed his own film-production company, Plan B Entertainment. The company partnered with several others to produce 12 Years a Slave, and Pitt won an Academy Award for his producing role when that film was named best picture.
Personal life and humanitarian causes
Pitt’s involvement with Jolie and his 2005 divorce from Aniston were intensely scrutinized by the tabloid press. In 2006 Pitt adopted Jolie’s two children, Maddox and Zahara, whom she had adopted from Cambodia and Ethiopia, respectively. The couple had their first biological child, Shiloh, in May 2006. The next year they adopted a boy, Pax, from Vietnam, and in 2008 they added biological twins, Knox and Vivienne, to their family. Pitt and Jolie married in 2014, but two years later Jolie filed for divorce.

The couple often used their celebrity status as a platform for speaking out on behalf of a number of humanitarian causes. Pitt cofounded and was actively involved in Not on Our Watch, a campaign that directed resources to developing countries in crisis, notably the Sudanese province of Darfur. In 2006 he established Make It Right, a multimillion-dollar project to construct environmentally friendly homes in New Orleans for people displaced by Hurricane Katrina.

Amazing facts

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